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BitTorrent

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the file sharing protocol. For other uses, see <a href="BitTorrent_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="BitTorrent (disambiguation)">BitTorrent (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">BitTorrent</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bram_Cohen" title="Bram Cohen">Bram Cohen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Rainberry%2C_Inc." title="Rainberry, Inc.">Rainberry, Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">2001 (2001)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standard</a>(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">The BitTorrent Protocol Specification<a href="#cite_note-Protocol1.0-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bittorrent.org/">www.bittorrent.org</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="File_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="File hosting service">File hosting services</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Online video platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Web hosting</a></li>

<li><a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Video on demand sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="123Movies" title="123Movies">123Movies</a></li>

<li><a href="Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a></li>

<li><a href="PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a></li>

<li><a href="Putlocker" title="Putlocker">Putlocker</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">BitTorrent sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<li><a href="BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonoid" title="Demonoid">Demonoid</a></li>

<li><a href="ExtraTorrent" title="ExtraTorrent">ExtraTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="IsoHunt" title="IsoHunt">isoHunt</a></li>

<li><a href="FitGirl_Repacks" title="FitGirl Repacks">FitGirl Repacks</a></li>

<li><a href="KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyaa_Torrents" title="Nyaa Torrents">Nyaa Torrents</a></li>

<li><a href="RARBG" title="RARBG">RARBG</a></li>

<li><a href="Rutracker.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutracker.org">Rutracker.org</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_Rockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Rockers">Tamil Rockers</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li>

<li><a href="YourBittorrent" title="YourBittorrent">YourBittorrent</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Academic/scholarly</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anna's_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">ICanHazPDF</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li>

<li><a href="Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">File sharing networks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul>

<li><a href="Direct_Connect_(file_sharing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Connect (file sharing)">Direct Connect</a></li>

<li><a href="EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li>

<li><a href="Soulseek" title="Soulseek">Soulseek</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">P2P clients</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a></li>

<li><a href="EMule" title="EMule">eMule</a></li>

<li><a href="Filetopia" title="Filetopia">Filetopia</a></li>

<li><a href="%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li>

<li><a href="QBittorrent" title="QBittorrent">qBittorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Shareaza" title="Shareaza">Shareaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li>

<li><a href="WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Streaming programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Butter_Project" title="Butter Project">Butter Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Popcorn_Time" title="Popcorn Time">Popcorn Time</a></li>

<li><a href="Torrents-Time" title="Torrents-Time">Torrents-Time</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anonymous file sharing</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li>

<li><a href="Darknet_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darknet (networking)">Darknet</a></li>

<li><a href="Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_peer-to-peer" title="Private peer-to-peer">Private P2P</a></li>

<li><a href="Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">Proxy server</a></li>

<li><a href="Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedbox</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Development and societal aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_file_sharing" title="Timeline of file sharing">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_issues_with_BitTorrent" title="Legal issues with BitTorrent">BitTorrent issues</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="File_sharing_in_Canada" title="File sharing in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="File_sharing_in_Japan" title="File sharing in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="File_sharing_in_Singapore" title="File sharing in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Comparisons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">Comparison of BitTorrent clients</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_sites" title="Comparison of BitTorrent sites">Comparison of BitTorrent sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_eDonkey_software" title="Comparison of eDonkey software">Comparison of eDonkey software</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients">Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Usenet_newsreaders" title="Comparison of Usenet newsreaders">Comparison of Usenet newsreaders</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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BitTorrent is a <a href="Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">communication protocol</a> for <a href="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer file sharing</a> (P2P), which enables users to distribute data and electronic files over the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> in a <a href="Decentralised_system" title="Decentralised system">decentralized</a> manner. The protocol is developed and maintained by <a href="Rainberry%2C_Inc." title="Rainberry, Inc.">Rainberry, Inc.</a>, and was first released in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-BC-2">[2]</a>

To send or receive files, users use a <a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">BitTorrent client</a> on their Internet-connected computer, which are available for a variety of computing platforms and <a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients#Operating_system_support" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">operating systems</a>, including <a href="BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">an official client</a>. <a href="BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">BitTorrent trackers</a> provide a list of files available for transfer and allow the client to find peer users, known as "seeds", who may transfer the files. BitTorrent downloading is considered to be faster than <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> ("direct downloading") and <a href="File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a> due to the lack of a central server that could limit bandwidth.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

BitTorrent is one of the most common protocols for transferring large files, such as <a href="Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> files containing TV shows and video clips, or <a href="Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> files. BitTorrent accounted for a third of all internet traffic in 2004, according to a study by Cachelogic.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As recently as 2019 BitTorrent remained a significant file sharing protocol according to <a href="Sandvine" title="Sandvine">Sandvine</a>, generating a substantial amount of Internet traffic, with 2.46% of <a href="Downstream_(networking)" title="Downstream (networking)">downstream</a>, and 27.58% of <a href="Upstream_(networking)" title="Upstream (networking)">upstream</a> traffic,<a href="#cite_note-BitTorrentSW-6">[6]</a> although this share has declined significantly since then.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Programmer <a href="Bram_Cohen" title="Bram Cohen">Bram Cohen</a>, a <a href="University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a> alumnus,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> designed the protocol in April 2001 with the idea of speeding up download time by enabling files to be downloaded from many sources. He then released the first available version on 2 July 2001.<a href="#cite_note-BC-2">[2]</a> Cohen and <a href="Ashwin_Navin" title="Ashwin Navin">Ashwin Navin</a> founded BitTorrent, Inc. (later renamed <a href="Rainberry%2C_Inc." title="Rainberry, Inc.">Rainberry, Inc.</a>) to further develop the technology in 2004.

The first release of the BitTorrent client had no search engine and no peer exchange. Up until 2005, the only way to share files was by creating a small text file called a "<a href="Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent</a>", that they would upload to a torrent index site. The first uploader acted as a <a href="Terminology_of_BitTorrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminology of BitTorrent">seed</a>, and downloaders would initially connect as <a href="Terminology_of_BitTorrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminology of BitTorrent">peers</a>. Those who wish to download the file would download the torrent, which their client would use to connect to a tracker which had a list of the IP addresses of other seeds and peers in the swarm. Once a peer completed a download of the complete file, it could in turn function as a seed. These files contain <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> about the files to be shared and the <a href="BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">trackers</a> which keep track of the other seeds and peers.

In 2005, first <a href="Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a> and then the BitTorrent client introduced distributed tracking using <a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash tables</a> which allowed clients to exchange data on swarms directly without the need for a torrent file.

In 2006, <a href="Peer_exchange" title="Peer exchange">peer exchange</a> functionality was added allowing clients to add peers based on the data found on connected nodes.

In 2017, BitTorrent, Inc. released the BitTorrent v2 protocol specification.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> BitTorrent v2 is intended to work seamlessly with previous versions of the BitTorrent protocol. The main reason for the update was that the old <a href="Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">cryptographic hash function</a>, <a href="SHA-1" title="SHA-1">SHA-1</a>, is <a href="SHA-1#The_SHAppening" title="SHA-1">no longer considered safe from malicious attacks</a> by the developers, and as such, v2 uses <a href="SHA-256" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA-256">SHA-256</a>. To ensure backwards compatibility, the v2 .torrent file format supports a hybrid mode where the torrents are hashed through both the new method and the old method, with the intent that the files will be shared with peers on both v1 and v2 swarms. Another update to the specification is adding a <a href="Merkle_tree" title="Merkle tree">hash tree</a> to speed up time from adding a torrent to downloading files, and to allow more granular checks for file corruption. In addition, each file is now hashed individually, enabling files in the swarm to be deduplicated, so that if multiple torrents include the same files, but seeders are only seeding the file from some, downloaders of the other torrents can still download the file. In addition, file hashes can be displayed on tracker, torrent indexing services, to search for swarms by searching for hashes of files contained in them. These hashes are different from the usual SHA-256 hash of files and can be obtained using tools.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Magnet links for v2 also support a hybrid mode to ensure support for legacy clients.<a href="#cite_note-LibTorrent-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div>

The BitTorrent protocol can be used to reduce the server and network impact of distributing large files. Rather than downloading a file from a single source server, the BitTorrent protocol allows users to join a "swarm" of hosts to upload and download from each other simultaneously. The protocol is an alternative to the older single source, multiple mirror sources technique for distributing data, and can work effectively over networks with lower <a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a>. Using the BitTorrent protocol, several basic computers, such as home computers, can replace large servers while efficiently distributing files to many recipients. This lower bandwidth usage also helps prevent large spikes in <a href="Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">internet traffic</a> in a given area, keeping internet speeds higher for all users in general, regardless of whether or not they use the BitTorrent protocol.

The file being distributed is divided into segments called pieces. As each peer receives a new piece of the file, it becomes a source (of that piece) for other peers, relieving the original seed from having to send that piece to every computer or user wishing a copy. With BitTorrent, the task of distributing the file is shared by those who want it; it is entirely possible for the seed to send only a single copy of the file itself and eventually distribute to an unlimited number of peers. Each piece is protected by a <a href="Cryptographic_hash" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic hash">cryptographic hash</a> contained in the torrent descriptor.<a href="#cite_note-Protocol1.0-1">[1]</a> This ensures that any modification of the piece can be reliably detected, and thus prevents both accidental and malicious modifications of any of the pieces received at other nodes. If a node starts with an authentic copy of the torrent descriptor, it can verify the authenticity of the entire file it receives.

Pieces are typically downloaded non-sequentially, and are rearranged into the correct order by the BitTorrent client, which monitors which pieces it needs, and which pieces it has and can upload to other peers. Pieces are of the same size throughout a single download (for example, a 10 MB file may be transmitted as ten 1 MB pieces or as forty 256 KB pieces).

Due to the nature of this approach, the download of any file can be halted at any time and be resumed at a later date, without the loss of previously downloaded information, which in turn makes BitTorrent particularly useful in the transfer of larger files. This also enables the client to seek out readily available pieces and download them immediately, rather than halting the download and waiting for the next (and possibly unavailable) piece in line, which typically reduces the overall time of the download. This eventual transition from peers to seeders determines the overall "health" of the file (as determined by the number of times a file is available in its complete form).

The distributed nature of BitTorrent can lead to a <a href="Flooding_algorithm" title="Flooding algorithm">flood-like</a> spreading of a file throughout many peer computer nodes. As more peers join the swarm, the likelihood of a successful download by any particular node increases. Relative to traditional Internet distribution schemes, this permits a significant reduction in the original distributor's hardware and bandwidth resource costs. Distributed downloading protocols in general provide <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/redundancy" class="extiw external" title="wikt:redundancy">redundancy</a> against system problems, reduce dependence on the original distributor,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and provide sources for the file which are generally <a href="Transient_(computer_programming)" title="Transient (computer programming)">transient</a> and therefore there is no single point of failure as in one way server-client transfers.

Though both ultimately transfer files over a network, a BitTorrent download differs from a one way server-client download (as is typical with an <a href="Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> or <a href="File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a> request, for example) in several fundamental ways:

<ul><li>BitTorrent makes many small data requests over different <a href="Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> connections to different machines, while server-client downloading is typically made via a single <a href="Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> connection to a single machine.</li>

<li>BitTorrent downloads in a random or in a "rarest-first"<a href="#cite_note-Rarest_First_and_Choke_Algorithms_Are_Enough-14">[14]</a> approach that ensures high availability, while classic downloads are sequential.</li></ul>

Taken together, these differences allow BitTorrent to achieve much lower cost to the content provider, much higher redundancy, and much greater resistance to abuse or to "<a href="Slashdot_effect" title="Slashdot effect">flash crowds</a>" than regular <a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server software</a>. However, this protection, theoretically, comes at a cost: downloads can take time to rise to full speed because it may take time for enough peer connections to be established, and it may take time for a node to receive sufficient data to become an effective uploader. This contrasts with regular downloads (such as from an HTTP server, for example) that, while more vulnerable to overload and abuse, rise to full speed very quickly, and maintain this speed throughout. In the beginning, BitTorrent's non-contiguous download methods made it harder to support "streaming playback". In 2014, the client <a href="Popcorn_Time" title="Popcorn Time">Popcorn Time</a> allowed for streaming of BitTorrent video files. Since then, more and more clients are offering streaming options.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Searching">Searching</h3></div>

The BitTorrent protocol provides no way to index torrent files. As a result, a comparatively small number of websites have hosted a large majority of torrents, many linking to copyrighted works without the authorization of copyright holders, rendering those sites especially vulnerable to lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> A BitTorrent index is a "list of <a href="Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">.torrent files</a>, which typically includes descriptions" and information about the torrent's content.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Several types of websites support the discovery and distribution of data on the BitTorrent network. Public torrent-hosting sites such as <a href="The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a> allow users to search and download from their collection of torrent files. Users can typically also upload torrent files for content they wish to distribute. Often, these sites also run <a href="BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">BitTorrent trackers</a> for their hosted torrent files, but these two functions are not mutually dependent: a torrent file could be hosted on one site and tracked by another unrelated site. Private host/tracker sites operate like public ones except that they may restrict access to registered users and may also keep track of the amount of data each user uploads and downloads, in an attempt to reduce "<a href="Leech_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leech (computing)">leeching</a>".

<a href="Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">Web search engines</a> allow the discovery of torrent files that are hosted and tracked on other sites; examples include The Pirate Bay and <a href="BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a>. These sites allow the user to ask for content meeting specific criteria (such as containing a given word or phrase) and retrieve a list of links to torrent files matching those criteria. This list can often be sorted with respect to several criteria, relevance (seeders to leechers ratio) being one of the most popular and useful (due to the way the protocol behaves, the download bandwidth achievable is very sensitive to this value). <a href="Metasearch_engine" title="Metasearch engine">Metasearch engines</a> allow one to search several BitTorrent indices and search engines at once.

The <a href="Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a> BitTorrent client was among the first to incorporate built-in search capabilities. With Tribler, users can find .torrent files held by random peers and taste buddies.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It adds such an ability to the BitTorrent protocol using a <a href="Gossip_protocol" title="Gossip protocol">gossip protocol</a>, somewhat similar to the <a href="EXeem" title="EXeem">eXeem</a> network which was shut down in 2005. The software includes the ability to recommend content as well. After a dozen downloads, the Tribler software can roughly estimate the download taste of the user, and recommend additional content.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

In May 2007, researchers at <a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> published a paper proposing a new approach to searching a peer-to-peer network for inexact strings,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> which could replace the functionality of a central indexing site. A year later, the same team implemented the system as a plugin for <a href="Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a> called Cubit<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and published a follow-up paper reporting its success.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

A somewhat similar facility but with a slightly different approach is provided by the <a href="BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a> client through its "Torrent Exchange"<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> feature. Whenever two peers using BitComet (with Torrent Exchange enabled) connect to each other they exchange lists of all the torrents (name and info-hash) they have in the Torrent Share storage (torrent files which were previously downloaded and for which the user chose to enable sharing by Torrent Exchange). Thus each client builds up a list of all the torrents shared by the peers it connected to in the current session (or it can even maintain the list between sessions if instructed).

At any time the user can search into that Torrent Collection list for a certain torrent and sort the list by categories. When the user chooses to download a torrent from that list, the .torrent file is automatically searched for (by info-hash value) in the <a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">DHT Network</a> and when found it is downloaded by the querying client which can subsequently create and initiate a downloading task.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downloading_and_sharing">Downloading and sharing</h3></div>

Users find a torrent of interest on a torrent index site or by using a search engine built into the client, download it, and open it with a BitTorrent client. The client connects to the tracker(s) or seeds specified in the torrent file, from which it receives a list of seeds and peers currently transferring pieces of the file(s). The client connects to those peers to obtain the various pieces. If the swarm contains only the initial seeder, the client connects directly to it, and begins to request pieces. Clients incorporate mechanisms to optimize their download and upload rates.

The effectiveness of this data exchange depends largely on the policies that clients use to determine to whom to send data. Clients may prefer to send data to peers that send data back to them (a "<a href="Tit_for_tat" title="Tit for tat">tit for tat</a>" exchange scheme), which encourages fair trading. But strict policies often result in suboptimal situations, such as when newly joined peers are unable to receive any data because they do not have any pieces yet to trade themselves or when two peers with a good connection between them do not exchange data simply because neither of them takes the initiative. To counter these effects, the official BitTorrent client program uses a mechanism called "optimistic unchoking", whereby the client reserves a portion of its available bandwidth for sending pieces to random peers (not necessarily known good partners, or "preferred peers") in hopes of discovering even better partners and to ensure that newcomers get a chance to join the swarm.<a href="#cite_note-Tamilmanistudy-23">[23]</a>

Although "swarming" scales well to tolerate "flash crowds" for popular content, it is less useful for unpopular or <a href="Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche market</a> content. Peers arriving after the initial rush might find the content unavailable and need to wait for the arrival of a "seed" in order to complete their downloads. The seed arrival, in turn, may take long to happen (this is termed the "seeder promotion problem"). Since maintaining seeds for unpopular content entails high bandwidth and administrative costs, this runs counter to the goals of publishers that value BitTorrent as a cheap alternative to a client-server approach. This occurs on a huge scale; measurements have shown that 38% of all new torrents become unavailable within the first month.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A strategy adopted by many publishers which significantly increases availability of unpopular content consists of bundling multiple files in a single swarm.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> More sophisticated solutions have also been proposed; generally, these use cross-torrent mechanisms through which multiple torrents can cooperate to better share content.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creating_and_publishing">Creating and publishing</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">Torrent file</a></div>

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The peer distributing a data file treats the file as a number of identically sized pieces, usually with byte sizes of a power of 2, and typically between 32 KB and 16 MB each. The peer creates a <a href="Hash_function" title="Hash function">hash</a> for each piece, using the <a href="SHA-1" title="SHA-1">SHA-1</a> hash function, and records it in the <a href="Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a>. Pieces with sizes greater than 512 KB will reduce the size of a torrent file for a very large payload, but is claimed to reduce the efficiency of the protocol.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> When another peer later receives a particular piece, the hash of the piece is compared to the recorded hash to test that the piece is error-free.<a href="#cite_note-Protocol1.0-1">[1]</a> Peers that provide a complete file are called seeders, and the peer providing the initial copy is called the initial seeder. The exact information contained in the torrent file depends on the version of the BitTorrent protocol.

By convention, the name of a torrent file has the suffix <code>.torrent</code>. Torrent files use the <a href="Bencode" title="Bencode">Bencode</a> file format, and contain an "announce" section, which specifies the <a href="Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> of the tracker, and an "info" section, containing (suggested) names for the files, their lengths, the piece length used, and a <a href="SHA-1" title="SHA-1">SHA-1</a> <a href="Hash_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash code">hash code</a> for each piece, all of which are used by clients to verify the integrity of the data they receive. Though SHA-1 has shown signs of cryptographic weakness, Bram Cohen did not initially consider the risk big enough for a backward incompatible change to, for example, <a href="SHA-3" title="SHA-3">SHA-3</a>. As of BitTorrent v2 the hash function has been updated to SHA-256.<a href="#cite_note-LibTorrent-12">[12]</a>

In the early days, torrent files were typically published to torrent index websites, and registered with at least one tracker. The tracker maintained lists of the clients currently connected to the swarm.<a href="#cite_note-Protocol1.0-1">[1]</a> Alternatively, in a trackerless system (decentralized tracking) every peer acts as a tracker. Azureus was the first<a href="#cite_note-DHT-turns-10-28">[28]</a> BitTorrent client to implement such a system through the <a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash table</a> (DHT) method. An alternative and incompatible DHT system, known as <a href="Mainline_DHT" title="Mainline DHT">Mainline DHT</a>, was released in the Mainline BitTorrent client three weeks later (though it had been in development since 2002)<a href="#cite_note-DHT-turns-10-28">[28]</a> and subsequently adopted by the <a href="%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a>, <a href="Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a>, <a href="RTorrent" title="RTorrent">rTorrent</a>, <a href="KTorrent" title="KTorrent">KTorrent</a>, <a href="BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a>, and <a href="Deluge_(BitTorrent_client)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge (BitTorrent client)">Deluge</a> clients.

After the DHT was adopted, a "private" flag – analogous to the <a href="Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">broadcast flag</a> – was unofficially introduced, telling clients to restrict the use of decentralized tracking regardless of the user's desires.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The flag is intentionally placed in the info section of the torrent so that it cannot be disabled or removed without changing the identity of the torrent. The purpose of the flag is to prevent torrents from being shared with clients that do not have access to the tracker. The flag was requested for inclusion in the official specification in August 2008, but has not been accepted yet.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Clients that have ignored the private flag were banned by many trackers, discouraging the practice.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anonymity">Anonymity</h3></div>

BitTorrent does not, on its own, offer its users anonymity. One can usually see the <a href="IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> of all peers in a swarm in one's own client or firewall program. This may expose users with insecure systems to attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Tamilmanistudy-23">[23]</a> In some countries, copyright organizations scrape lists of peers, and send takedown notices to the <a href="Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service provider</a> of users participating in the swarms of files that are under copyright. In some jurisdictions, copyright holders may launch lawsuits against uploaders or downloaders for infringement, and police may arrest suspects in such cases.

Various means have been used to promote anonymity. For example, the BitTorrent client <a href="Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a> makes available a <a href="Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a>-like <a href="Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">onion network</a>, optionally routing transfers through other peers to obscure which client has requested the data. The exit node would be visible to peers in a swarm, but the Tribler organization provides exit nodes. One advantage of Tribler is that <a href="Clearnet_(networking)" title="Clearnet (networking)">clearnet</a> torrents can be downloaded with only a small decrease in download speed from one "hop" of routing.

<a href="I2p" class="mw-redirect" title="I2p">i2p</a> provides a similar anonymity layer although in that case, one can only download torrents that have been uploaded to the i2p network.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The bittorrent client <a href="Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a> allows users who are not concerned about anonymity to take <a href="Clearnet_(networking)" title="Clearnet (networking)">clearnet</a> torrents, and make them available on the i2p network.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

Most BitTorrent clients are not designed to provide anonymity when used over Tor,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and there is some debate as to whether torrenting over Tor acts as a drag on the network.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

Private torrent trackers are usually invitation only, and require members to participate in uploading, but have the downside of a single centralized point of failure. In some instances, a purchase of a seedbox will provide the owner with a private torrent tracker invite.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="Oink's_Pink_Palace" title="Oink's Pink Palace">Oink's Pink Palace</a> and <a href="What.cd" class="mw-redirect" title="What.cd">What.cd</a> are examples of private trackers which have been shut down.

<a href="Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedbox</a> services download the torrent files first to the company's servers, allowing the user to direct download the file from there.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> One's IP address would be visible to the Seedbox provider, but not to third parties.

<a href="Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">Virtual private networks</a> encrypt transfers, and substitute a different IP address for the user's, so that anyone monitoring a torrent swarm will only see that address.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_technologies">Associated technologies</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributed_trackers">Distributed trackers</h3></div>

On 2 May 2005, Azureus 2.3.0.0 (now known as <a href="Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a>) was released,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> utilizing a distributed database system. This system is a <a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash table</a> implementation which allows the client to use torrents that do not have a working <a href="BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">BitTorrent tracker</a>. A bootstrap server is instead utilized. The following month, BitTorrent, Inc. released version 4.2.0 of the Mainline BitTorrent client, which supported an alternative DHT implementation (popularly known as "<a href="Mainline_DHT" title="Mainline DHT">Mainline DHT</a>", outlined in a draft on their website) that is incompatible with that of Azureus. In 2014, measurement showed concurrent users of Mainline DHT to be from 10 million to 25 million, with a daily churn of at least 10 million.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

Current versions of the official BitTorrent client, <a href="%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a>, <a href="BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a>, <a href="Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a> and BitSpirit all share compatibility with Mainline DHT. Both DHT implementations are based on <a href="Kademlia" title="Kademlia">Kademlia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As of version 3.0.5.0, Azureus also supports Mainline DHT in addition to its own distributed database through use of an optional application plugin.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This potentially allows the Azureus/Vuze client to reach a bigger swarm.

Another idea that has surfaced in Vuze is that of virtual torrents. This idea is based on the distributed tracker approach and is used to describe some web resource. Currently, it is used for <a href="Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>. It is implemented using a special messaging protocol and requires an appropriate plugin. Anatomic P2P is another approach, which uses a decentralized network of nodes that route traffic to dynamic trackers. Most BitTorrent clients also use <a href="Peer_exchange" title="Peer exchange">peer exchange</a> (PEX) to gather peers in addition to <a href="BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">trackers</a> and <a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">DHT</a>. Peer exchange checks with known peers to see if they know of any other peers. With the 3.0.5.0 release of Vuze, all major BitTorrent clients now have compatible peer exchange.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_seeding">Web seeding</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Torrent_file#HTTP_seeds" title="Torrent file">Torrent file § HTTP seeds</a></div>

Web "seeding" was implemented in 2006 as the ability of BitTorrent clients to download torrent pieces from an HTTP source in addition to the "swarm". The advantage of this feature is that a website may distribute a torrent for a particular file or batch of files and make those files available for download from that same web server; this can simplify long-term seeding and <a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> through the use of existing, cheap, web hosting setups. In theory, this would make using BitTorrent almost as easy for a web publisher as creating a direct HTTP download. In addition, it would allow the "web seed" to be disabled if the swarm becomes too popular while still allowing the file to be readily available. This feature has two distinct specifications, both of which are supported by <a href="Libtorrent" title="Libtorrent">Libtorrent</a> and the 26+ clients that use it.

The first was created by John "TheSHAD0W" Hoffman, who created BitTornado.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> This first specification requires running a web service that serves content by info-hash and piece number, rather than filename.

The other specification is created by <a href="GetRight" title="GetRight">GetRight</a> authors and can rely on a basic HTTP download space (using <a href="Byte_serving" title="Byte serving">byte serving</a>).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

In September 2010, a new service named Burnbit was launched which generates a torrent from any URL using webseeding.<a href="#cite_note-tf-article-47">[47]</a> There are server-side solutions that provide initial seeding of the file from the web server via standard BitTorrent protocol and when the number of external seeders reach a limit, they stop serving the file from the original source.<a href="#cite_note-web-seeders-48">[48]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RSS_feeds">RSS feeds</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></div>

A technique called <a href="Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">broadcatching</a> combines <a href="RSS_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS (file format)">RSS</a> feeds with the BitTorrent protocol to create a content delivery system, further simplifying and automating content distribution. Steve Gillmor explained the concept in a column for <a href="Ziff-Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziff-Davis">Ziff-Davis</a> in December 2003.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The discussion spread quickly among bloggers (Ernest Miller,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="Chris_Pirillo" title="Chris Pirillo">Chris Pirillo</a>, etc.). In an article entitled Broadcatching with BitTorrent, Scott Raymond explained:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I want RSS feeds of BitTorrent files. A script would periodically check the feed for new items, and use them to start the download. Then, I could find a trusted publisher of an <a href="Alias_(TV_Show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alias (TV Show)">Alias</a> RSS feed, and "subscribe" to all new episodes of the show, which would then start downloading automatically – like the "season pass" feature of the <a href="TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a>.</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— Scott Raymond, scottraymond.net<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></div>

The RSS feed will track the content, while BitTorrent ensures content integrity with <a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptographic</a> <a href="Hash_function" title="Hash function">hashing</a> of all data, so feed subscribers will receive uncorrupted content. One of the first and popular software clients (<a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> and <a href="Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source</a>) for broadcatching is <a href="Miro_Media_Player" class="mw-redirect" title="Miro Media Player">Miro</a>. Other free software clients such as PenguinTV and KatchTV are also now supporting broadcatching. The BitTorrent web-service MoveDigital added the ability to make torrents available to any web application capable of parsing <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a> through its standard <a href="Representational_State_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational State Transfer">REST</a>-based interface in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> though this has since been discontinued. Additionally, Torrenthut is developing a similar torrent <a href="API" title="API">API</a> that will provide the same features, and help bring the torrent community to <a href="Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> standards. Alongside this release is a first <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> application built using the API called PEP, which will parse any <a href="Really_Simple_Syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Really Simple Syndication">Really Simple Syndication</a> (RSS 2.0) feed and automatically create and seed a torrent for each enclosure found in that feed.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Throttling_and_encryption">Throttling and encryption</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="BitTorrent_protocol_encryption" title="BitTorrent protocol encryption">BitTorrent protocol encryption</a></div>

Since BitTorrent makes up a large proportion of total traffic, some <a href="ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISPs</a> have chosen to "throttle" (slow down) BitTorrent transfers. For this reason, methods have been developed to disguise BitTorrent traffic in an attempt to thwart these efforts.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Protocol header encrypt (PHE) and <a href="BitTorrent_protocol_encryption" title="BitTorrent protocol encryption">Message stream encryption/Protocol encryption (MSE/PE)</a> are features of some BitTorrent clients that attempt to make BitTorrent hard to detect and throttle. As of November 2015, <a href="Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a>, <a href="BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a>, <a href="KTorrent" title="KTorrent">KTorrent</a>, <a href="Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a>, <a href="Deluge_(BitTorrent_client)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deluge (BitTorrent client)">Deluge</a>, <a href="%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a>, MooPolice, Halite, <a href="QBittorrent" title="QBittorrent">qBittorrent</a>, <a href="RTorrent" title="RTorrent">rTorrent</a>, and the latest official BitTorrent client (v6) support MSE/PE encryption.

In August 2007, <a href="Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> was preventing BitTorrent seeding by monitoring and interfering with the communication between peers. Protection against these efforts is provided by <a href="Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxying</a> the client-tracker traffic via an <a href="Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">encrypted tunnel</a> to a point outside of the Comcast network.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2008, Comcast called a "truce" with BitTorrent, Inc. with the intention of shaping traffic in a protocol-agnostic manner.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Questions about the ethics and legality of Comcast's behavior have led to renewed debate about <a href="Net_neutrality_in_the_United_States" title="Net neutrality in the United States">net neutrality in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In general, although encryption can make it difficult to determine what is being shared, BitTorrent is vulnerable to <a href="Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a>. Thus, even with MSE/PE, it may be possible for an ISP to recognize BitTorrent and also to determine that a system is no longer downloading but only uploading data, and terminate its connection by <a href="TCP_reset_attack" title="TCP reset attack">injecting TCP RST (reset flag) packets</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multitrackers">Multitrackers</h3></div>

Another unofficial feature is an extension to the BitTorrent metadata format proposed by John Hoffman<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and implemented by several indexing websites. It allows the use of multiple trackers per file, so if one tracker fails, others can continue to support file transfer. It is implemented in several clients, such as <a href="BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a>, BitTornado, BitTorrent, <a href="KTorrent" title="KTorrent">KTorrent</a>, <a href="Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a>, <a href="Deluge_(software)" title="Deluge (software)">Deluge</a>, <a href="%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a>, <a href="Rtorrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Rtorrent">rtorrent</a>, <a href="Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a>, and <a href="Frostwire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frostwire">Frostwire</a>. Trackers are placed in groups, or tiers, with a tracker randomly chosen from the top tier and tried, moving to the next tier if all the trackers in the top tier fail.

Torrents with multiple trackers can decrease the time it takes to download a file, but also have a few consequences:

<ul><li>Poorly implemented<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> clients may contact multiple trackers, leading to more overhead-traffic.</li>

<li>Torrents from closed trackers suddenly become downloadable by non-members, as they can connect to a seed via an open tracker.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peer_selection">Peer selection</h3></div>

As of December 2008, BitTorrent, Inc. was working with Oversi on new Policy Discover Protocols that query the ISP for capabilities and network architecture information. Oversi's ISP hosted NetEnhancer box is designed to "improve peer selection" by helping peers find local nodes, improving download speeds while reducing the loads into and out of the ISP's network.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">Comparison of BitTorrent clients</a></div>

The BitTorrent specification is free to use and many clients are <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a>, so BitTorrent clients have been created for all common <a href="Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a> using a variety of <a href="Programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming languages">programming languages</a>. The official BitTorrent client, <a href="%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a>, <a href="QBittorrent" title="QBittorrent">qBittorrent</a>, <a href="Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a>, <a href="Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a>, and <a href="BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a> are some of the most popular clients.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

Some BitTorrent implementations such as <a href="MLDonkey" title="MLDonkey">MLDonkey</a> and Torrentflux are designed to run as servers. For example, this can be used to centralize file sharing on a single dedicated server which users share access to on the network.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Server-oriented BitTorrent implementations can also be hosted by <a href="Internet_hosting_service" title="Internet hosting service">hosting providers</a> at <a href="Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">co-located</a> facilities with high bandwidth Internet connectivity (e.g., a datacenter) which can provide dramatic speed benefits over using BitTorrent from a regular home broadband connection. Services such as <a href="ImageShack" title="ImageShack">ImageShack</a> can download files on BitTorrent for the user, allowing them to download the entire file by <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> once it is finished.

The <a href="Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> supports BitTorrent natively.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a> web browser ships with an <a href="Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">extension</a> which supports <a href="WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a>, a BitTorrent-like protocol based on <a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a> instead of <a href="User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a> and <a href="Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> BitLet allowed users to download Torrents directly from their browser using a <a href="Java_applet" title="Java applet">Java applet</a> (until browsers removed support for Java applets).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> An increasing number of hardware devices are being made to support BitTorrent. These include routers and NAS devices containing BitTorrent-capable firmware like <a href="OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a>. Proprietary versions of the protocol which implement <a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>, encryption, and authentication are found within managed clients such as <a href="Pando_(application)" title="Pando (application)">Pando</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2></div>

A growing number of individuals and organizations are using BitTorrent to distribute their own or licensed works (e.g. <a href="Independent_music" title="Independent music">indie</a> bands distributing digital files of their new songs). Independent adopters report that BitTorrent technology reduces demands on private networking hardware and bandwidth, an essential for non-profit groups with large amounts of internet traffic.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

Many major <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> and <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> projects encourage BitTorrent as well as conventional downloads of their products (via <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, <a href="FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a> etc.) to increase availability and to reduce load on their own servers, especially when dealing with larger files.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In addition, some video game installers, especially those whose large size makes them difficult to host due to bandwidth limits, extremely frequent downloads, and unpredictable changes in network traffic, will distribute instead a specialized, stripped down BitTorrent client with enough functionality to download the game from the other running clients and the primary server (which is maintained in case not enough peers are available).

Some uses of BitTorrent for file sharing may violate laws in some jurisdictions (see <a href="#Legislation">legislation</a> section).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity_and_traffic_statistics">Popularity and traffic statistics</h3></div>

As of January 2012, BitTorrent was utilized by 150 million active users. Based on this figure, the total number of monthly users could be estimated to more than a quarter of a billion (≈ 250 million).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> As of February 2013, BitTorrent was responsible for 3.35% of all worldwide <a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a>—more than half of the 6% of total bandwidth dedicated to file sharing.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> As of 2013, BitTorrent had 15–27 million concurrent users at any time.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film,_video,_and_music">Film, video, and music</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="BitTorrent_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (company)">BitTorrent Inc.</a> has obtained a number of licenses from Hollywood studios for distributing popular content from their websites.</li>

<li><a href="Sub_Pop" title="Sub Pop">Sub Pop</a> Records releases tracks and videos via BitTorrent Inc.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> to distribute its 1000+ albums. <a href="Babyshambles" title="Babyshambles">Babyshambles</a> and <a href="The_Libertines" title="The Libertines">The Libertines</a> (both bands associated with <a href="Pete_Doherty" title="Pete Doherty">Pete Doherty</a>) have extensively used torrents to distribute hundreds of demos and live videos. US <a href="Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">industrial rock</a> band <a href="Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a> frequently distributes albums via BitTorrent.</li>

<li><a href="Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasting</a> software has integrated BitTorrent to help podcasters deal with the download demands of their MP3 "radio" programs. Specifically, <a href="Juice_(podcasting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juice (podcasting)">Juice</a> and <a href="Miro_Media_Player" class="mw-redirect" title="Miro Media Player">Miro</a> (formerly known as Democracy Player) support automatic processing of .torrent files from <a href="RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a> feeds. Similarly, some BitTorrent clients, such as <a href="%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a>, are able to process <a href="Web_feeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Web feeds">web feeds</a> and automatically download content found within them.</li>

<li><a href="Discipline_Global_Mobile" title="Discipline Global Mobile">DGM Live</a> previously used BitTorrent to distribute music purchases.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li>

<li><a href="VODO" title="VODO">VODO</a> was a platform for promoting and distributing <a href="Free_content" title="Free content">freely licensed</a> films. It used BitTorrent for distribution and encouraged downloaders to donate to content creators.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcasters">Broadcasters</h3></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a> distributed the show <a href="Canada's_Next_Great_Prime_Minister" title="Canada's Next Great Prime Minister">Canada's Next Great Prime Minister</a> via BitTorrent after the broadcast, becoming the first major broadcaster in North America to do so.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a> distributes a few past shows via BitTorrent.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li>

<li><a href="VPRO" title="VPRO">VPRO</a> released <a href="Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">CC-licensed</a> documentaries in 2009 and 2010 via BitTorrent.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_Service_Providers">Cloud Service Providers</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a> previously supported seeding public objects via the BitTorrent protocol.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Blizzard_Entertainment" title="Blizzard Entertainment">Blizzard Entertainment</a> previously distributed content and patches for <a href="Diablo_III" title="Diablo III">Diablo III</a>, <a href="StarCraft_II" title="StarCraft II">StarCraft II</a> and <a href="World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a> via BitTorrent.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li>

<li><a href="Wargaming_(company)" title="Wargaming (company)">Wargaming</a> uses BitTorrent in their popular titles <a href="World_of_Tanks" title="World of Tanks">World of Tanks</a>, <a href="World_of_Warships" title="World of Warships">World of Warships</a> and <a href="World_of_Warplanes" title="World of Warplanes">World of Warplanes</a> to distribute game updates.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li>

<li><a href="Resilio_Sync" title="Resilio Sync">Resilio Sync</a> is a BitTorrent-based<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> folder-syncing tool which can act as an alternative to server-based synchronisation services such as <a href="Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div>

<ul><li>The British government used BitTorrent to distribute <a href="Combined_Online_Information_System" title="Combined Online Information System">details about how the tax money of British citizens was spent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a> uses BitTorrent to distribute large scientific data sets to its researchers.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li>

<li>Many universities that have <a href="BOINC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOINC">BOINC</a> distributed computing projects have used the BitTorrent functionality of the client-server system to reduce the bandwidth costs of distributing the client-side applications used to process the scientific data. If a BOINC <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> application needs to be updated (or merely sent to a user), it can do so with little impact on the BOINC server.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li>

<li>The developing <a href="Human_Connectome_Project" title="Human Connectome Project">Human Connectome Project</a> uses BitTorrent to share their <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.developingconnectome.org/project/data-release-user-guide/">open dataset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li>

<li><a href="Academic_Torrents" title="Academic Torrents">Academic Torrents</a> is a BitTorrent tracker for use by researchers in fields that need to share large datasets<a href="#cite_note-website-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-MyScienceWork_2014-98">[98]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div>

<ul><li>Facebook uses BitTorrent to distribute updates to Facebook servers.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li>

<li>Twitter uses BitTorrent to distribute updates to Twitter servers.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files, in August 2012.<a href="#cite_note-TFBT-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive.<a href="#cite_note-TFBT-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li>

<li>GSC Game World shared some files between their office in Czechia and Ukraine via BitTorrent during S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2 development, which led to some game assets being easily leaked.</li></ul>

By early 2015, <a href="AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> estimated that BitTorrent accounted for 20% of all broadband traffic.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis-105">[105]</a>

Routers that use <a href="Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">network address translation</a> (NAT) must maintain tables of source and destination IP addresses and ports. Because BitTorrent frequently contacts 20–30 servers per second, the NAT tables of some consumer-grade routers are rapidly filled. This is a known cause of some home routers ceasing to work correctly.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Legal_issues_with_BitTorrent" title="Legal issues with BitTorrent">Legal issues with BitTorrent</a></div>

Although the protocol itself is legal,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> problems stem from using the protocol to traffic copyright infringing works, since BitTorrent is often used to download otherwise paid content, such as movies and video games. There has been much controversy over the use of BitTorrent trackers. BitTorrent metafiles themselves do not store file contents. Whether the publishers of BitTorrent metafiles violate copyrights by linking to copyrighted works without the authorization of copyright holders is controversial. Various jurisdictions have pursued legal action against websites that host BitTorrent trackers.

As a result, the use of BitTorrent may sometimes be limited by <a href="Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet Service Providers</a> (ISPs) due to legal or copyright grounds. Users may choose to run <a href="Seedbox" title="Seedbox">seedboxes</a> or <a href="Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">virtual private networks</a> (VPNs) to circumvent these restrictions.

High-profile examples include the closing of <a href="Suprnova.org" title="Suprnova.org">Suprnova.org</a>, <a href="TorrentSpy" title="TorrentSpy">TorrentSpy</a>, <a href="LokiTorrent" title="LokiTorrent">LokiTorrent</a>, <a href="BTJunkie" title="BTJunkie">BTJunkie</a>, <a href="Mininova" title="Mininova">Mininova</a>, <a href="Oink's_Pink_Palace" title="Oink's Pink Palace">Oink's Pink Palace</a> and <a href="What.cd" class="mw-redirect" title="What.cd">What.cd</a>. BitTorrent search engine <a href="The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a> torrent website, formed by a Swedish group, is noted for the "legal" section of its website in which letters and replies on the subject of alleged copyright infringements are publicly displayed. On 31 May 2006, The Pirate Bay's servers in Sweden were raided by Swedish police on allegations by the MPAA of copyright infringement;<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> however, the tracker was up and running again three days later. In the study used to value NBC Universal in its merger with Comcast, Envisional examined the 10,000 torrent swarms managed by PublicBT which had the most active downloaders. After excluding pornographic and unidentifiable content, it was found that only one swarm offered legitimate content.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>

In the United States, more than 200,000 lawsuits have been filed for copyright infringement on BitTorrent since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In the United Kingdom, on 30 April 2012, the <a href="High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> ordered five ISPs to <a href="List_of_websites_blocked_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom">block The Pirate Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div>

One concern is the <a href="UDP_flood_attack" title="UDP flood attack">UDP flood attack</a>. BitTorrent implementations often use <a href="%CE%9CTP" class="mw-redirect" title="ΜTP">μTP</a> for their communication. To achieve high bandwidths, the underlying protocol used is <a href="User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a>, which allows spoofing of source addresses of internet traffic. It has been possible to carry out <a href="Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">denial-of-service attacks</a> in a P2P lab environment, where users running BitTorrent clients act as amplifiers for an attack at another service.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> However, this is not always an effective attack because ISPs can check if the source address is correct.

Several studies on BitTorrent from over a decade ago found files available for download containing <a href="Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>. In particular, one small sample indicated that 18% of all executable programs available for download contained malware.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Another study claims that as much as 14.5% of BitTorrent downloads contain <a href="Zero-day_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-day attack">zero-day malware</a>, and that BitTorrent was used as the distribution mechanism for 47% of all zero-day malware they have found.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Counterfeiting_Trade_Agreement" title="Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement">Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Bencode" title="Bencode">Bencode</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_Discovery_Protocol" title="Cache Discovery Protocol">Cache Discovery Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">Comparison of BitTorrent clients</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_sites" title="Comparison of BitTorrent sites">Comparison of BitTorrent sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_tracker_software" title="Comparison of BitTorrent tracker software">Comparison of BitTorrent tracker software</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_BitTorrent_terms" title="Glossary of BitTorrent terms">Glossary of BitTorrent terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">Magnet URI scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="Simple_file_verification" title="Simple file verification">Simple file verification</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-seeding" title="Super-seeding">Super-seeding</a></li>

<li><a href="Torrent_poisoning" title="Torrent poisoning">Torrent poisoning</a></li>

<li><a href="YouHaveDownloaded" title="YouHaveDownloaded">YouHaveDownloaded - Torrent activity indexing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPouwelse2005" class="citation book cs1">Pouwelse, Johan; et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dnw7E8xzQUMC&q=The%20Bittorrent%20P2P%20File-Sharing%20System%3A%20Measurements%20and%20Analysis%20Johan%20Pouwelse%20%2C%20Pawel%20Garbacki%2C%20Dick%20Epema%2C&pg=PA205">"The Bittorrent P2P File-Sharing System: Measurements and Analysis"</a>. Peer-to-Peer Systems IV. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3640. Berlin: Springer. pp. 205–216. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11558989_19">10.1007/11558989_19</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-29068-1</bdi>. Retrieved 4 September 2011.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCzerniawski2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Czerniawski, Michal (20 December 2009). Responsibility of Bittorrent Search Engines for Copyright Infringements (Thesis). <a href="SSRN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN">SSRN</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1540913">10.2139/ssrn.1540913</a>. <a href="SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1540913">1540913</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCohen2005" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Bram (16 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/050216.html">"Under the hood of BitTorrent"</a>. Computer Systems Colloquium (EE380). <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:BitTorrent" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0003.html">Specification</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cloud_computing413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cloud_computing413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Content_as_a_service" title="Content as a service">Content as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_as_a_service" title="Data as a service">Data as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Desktop_as_a_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop as a service">Desktop as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_as_a_service" title="Function as a service">Function as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud-based_integration" title="Cloud-based integration">Integration platform as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Backend_as_a_service" title="Backend as a service">Backend as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_as_a_service" title="Network as a service">Network as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platform as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_as_a_service" title="Security as a service">Security as a service</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud database</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud-native_computing" title="Cloud-native computing">Cloud-native computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_storage_gateway" title="Cloud storage gateway">Cloud storage gateways</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_center" title="Data center">Data centers</a></li>

<li><a href="Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">Hardware virtualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Mobile cloud computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_cloud_application" title="Native cloud application">Native cloud application</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_cloud" title="Personal cloud">Personal cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_computing_security" title="Cloud computing security">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing">Serverless computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_structured_storage_software" title="Comparison of structured storage software">Structured storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_appliance" title="Virtual appliance">Virtual appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_private_cloud" title="Virtual private cloud">Virtual private cloud</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>

<ul><li><a href="Google_Workspace" title="Google Workspace">Workspace</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HP_Cloud" title="HP Cloud">HP Cloud</a> (closed)</li>

<li><a href="IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Office 365</a></li>

<li><a href="OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nextcloud" title="Nextcloud">Nextcloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Owncloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Owncloud">Owncloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Proton_Drive" title="Proton Drive">Proton Drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rackspace_Technology" title="Rackspace Technology">Rackspace</a></li>

<li><a href="Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li>

<li><a href="Seafile" title="Seafile">Seafile</a></li>

<li><a href="PlateSpin" class="mw-redirect" title="PlateSpin">PlateSpin</a></li>

<li><a href="Workday%2C_Inc." title="Workday, Inc.">Workday</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li>

<li><a href="AppScale" title="AppScale">AppScale</a></li>

<li><a href="CloudBolt" title="CloudBolt">CloudBolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_Foundry" title="Cloud Foundry">Cloud Foundry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cocaine_(PaaS)" title="Cocaine (PaaS)">Cocaine (PaaS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Engine_Yard" title="Engine Yard">Engine Yard</a></li>

<li><a href="HPE_Helion" title="HPE Helion">Helion</a></li>

<li><a href="Predix_(software)" title="Predix (software)">GE Predix</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a></li>

<li><a href="GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Heroku" title="Heroku">Heroku</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Inktank_Storage" title="Inktank Storage">Inktank</a></li>

<li><a href="Jelastic" title="Jelastic">Jelastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li>

<li><a href="MindSphere" title="MindSphere">MindSphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="OutSystems" title="OutSystems">OutSystems</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenQRM" title="OpenQRM">openQRM</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a></li>

<li><a href="PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a></li>

<li><a href="RightScale" title="RightScale">RightScale</a></li>

<li><a href="Scalr" title="Scalr">Scalr</a></li>

<li><a href="Salesforce#Force.com" title="Salesforce">Force.com</a></li>

<li><a href="SAP_BTP" title="SAP BTP">SAP Business Technology Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Splunk" title="Splunk">Splunk</a></li>

<li><a href="Vercel" title="Vercel">Vercel</a></li>

<li><a href="VCloud_Air" title="VCloud Air">vCloud Air</a></li>

<li><a href="WaveMaker" title="WaveMaker">WaveMaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Abiquo_Enterprise_Edition" title="Abiquo Enterprise Edition">Abiquo Enterprise Edition</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_CloudStack" title="Apache CloudStack">CloudStack</a></li>

<li><a href="Citrix_Cloud" title="Citrix Cloud">Citrix Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="DigitalOcean" title="DigitalOcean">DigitalOcean</a></li>

<li><a href="EMC_Atmos" title="EMC Atmos">EMC Atmos</a></li>

<li><a href="Eucalyptus_(software)" title="Eucalyptus (software)">Eucalyptus</a></li>

<li><a href="FUJITSU_Cloud_IaaS_Trusted_Public_S5" title="FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5">Fujitsu</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li>

<li><a href="GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Iland" title="Iland">iland</a></li>

<li><a href="Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a></li>

<li><a href="Linode" title="Linode">Linode</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunacloud" title="Lunacloud">Lunacloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirantis" title="Mirantis">Mirantis</a></li>

<li><a href="Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimbula" title="Nimbula">Nimbula</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimbus_(cloud_computing)" title="Nimbus (cloud computing)">Nimbus</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenIO" title="OpenIO">OpenIO</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenNebula" title="OpenNebula">OpenNebula</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenStack" title="OpenStack">OpenStack</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="OrionVM" title="OrionVM">OrionVM</a></li>

<li><a href="Rackspace_Cloud" title="Rackspace Cloud">Rackspace Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Safe_Swiss_Cloud" title="Safe Swiss Cloud">Safe Swiss Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Zadara" title="Zadara">Zadara</a></li>

<li><a href="Libvirt" title="Libvirt">libvirt</a></li>

<li><a href="Libguestfs" title="Libguestfs">libguestfs</a></li>

<li><a href="OVirt" title="OVirt">OVirt</a></li>

<li><a href="Virt-manager" title="Virt-manager">Virtual Machine Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Wakame-vdc" title="Wakame-vdc">Wakame-vdc</a></li>

<li><a href="Vercel" title="Vercel">Vercel</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_Private_Cloud_OnDemand" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand">Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cloud_computing" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Cloud computing">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BitTorrent622" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="BitTorrent622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rainberry%2C_Inc." title="Rainberry, Inc.">Rainberry, Inc.</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bram_Cohen" title="Bram Cohen">Bram Cohen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ross_Cohen" title="Ross Cohen">Ross Cohen</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Klinker" title="Eric Klinker">Eric Klinker</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashwin_Navin" title="Ashwin Navin">Ashwin Navin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_BitTorrent_terms" title="Glossary of BitTorrent terms">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">Distributed hash tables</a></li>

<li><a href="BitTorrent_index" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent index">index</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_Peer_Discovery" title="Local Peer Discovery">Local Peer Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_exchange" title="Peer exchange">Peer exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Retracker" title="Retracker">Retracker</a></li>

<li><a href="BitTorrent_protocol_encryption" title="BitTorrent protocol encryption">Protocol encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-seeding" title="Super-seeding">Super-seeding</a></li>

<li><a href="BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">Tracker</a></li>

<li><a href="Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">Torrent file</a></li>

<li><a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li>

<li><a href="WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clients (<a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">comparison</a>, <a href="Usage_share_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Usage share of BitTorrent clients">usage share</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> (original client)</li>

<li><a href="BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a></li>

<li><a href="BiglyBT" title="BiglyBT">BiglyBT</a></li>

<li><a href="BitLord" title="BitLord">BitLord</a></li>

<li><a href="Deluge_(software)" title="Deluge (software)">Deluge</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Download_Manager" title="Free Download Manager">Free Download Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="FlashGet" title="FlashGet">FlashGet</a></li>

<li><a href="FrostWire" title="FrostWire">FrostWire</a></li>

<li><a href="GetRight" title="GetRight">GetRight</a></li>

<li><a href="Go!Zilla" title="Go!Zilla">Go!Zilla</a></li>

<li><a href="KTorrent" title="KTorrent">KTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Libtorrent" title="Libtorrent">libtorrent</a> (library)</li>

<li><a href="LimeWire" title="LimeWire">LimeWire</a></li>

<li><a href="%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">µTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="MLDonkey" title="MLDonkey">MLDonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="QBittorrent" title="QBittorrent">qBittorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="RTorrent" title="RTorrent">rTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Shareaza" title="Shareaza">Shareaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Tixati" title="Tixati">Tixati</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li>

<li><a href="Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a> (formerly Azureus)</li>

<li><a href="WebTorrent_Desktop" class="mw-redirect" title="WebTorrent Desktop">WebTorrent Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Xunlei" title="Xunlei">Xunlei</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tracker software (<a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_tracker_software" title="Comparison of BitTorrent tracker software">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenBitTorrent" title="OpenBitTorrent">OpenBitTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Opentracker" title="Opentracker">opentracker</a></li>

<li><a href="PeerTracker" title="PeerTracker">PeerTracker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Search engines (<a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_sites" title="Comparison of BitTorrent sites">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonoid" title="Demonoid">Demonoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Etree" title="Etree">etree</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyaa_Torrents" title="Nyaa Torrents">Nyaa Torrents</a></li>

<li><a href="TamilRockers" title="TamilRockers">TamilRockers</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li>

<li><a href="RuTracker.org" title="RuTracker.org">ruTracker.org</a></li>

<li><a href="YggTorrent" title="YggTorrent">YggTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="YourBittorrent" title="YourBittorrent">YourBittorrent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct sites (<a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_sites#Defunct" title="Comparison of BitTorrent sites">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BTJunkie" title="BTJunkie">BTJunkie</a></li>

<li><a href="ExtraTorrent" title="ExtraTorrent">ExtraTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="IsoHunt" title="IsoHunt">isoHunt</a></li>

<li><a href="KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a></li>

<li><a href="LokiTorrent" title="LokiTorrent">LokiTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Mininova" title="Mininova">Mininova</a></li>

<li><a href="Oink's_Pink_Palace" title="Oink's Pink Palace">Oink's Pink Palace</a></li>

<li><a href="RARBG" title="RARBG">RARBG</a></li>

<li><a href="Suprnova.org" title="Suprnova.org">Suprnova.org</a></li>

<li><a href="Torrent_Project" title="Torrent Project">Torrent Project</a></li>

<li><a href="TorrentSpy" title="TorrentSpy">TorrentSpy</a></li>

<li><a href="Torrentz" title="Torrentz">Torrentz</a></li>

<li><a href="YouTorrent" title="YouTorrent">YouTorrent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="BitTorrent_Open_Source_License" title="BitTorrent Open Source License">BitTorrent Open Source License</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_BitTorrent_terms" title="Glossary of BitTorrent terms">Glossary of BitTorrent terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Popcorn_Time" title="Popcorn Time">Popcorn Time</a></li>

<li><a href="Slyck.com" title="Slyck.com">Slyck.com</a></li>

<li><a href="TorrentFreak" title="TorrentFreak">TorrentFreak</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:BitTorrent" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:BitTorrent">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">Peer-to-peer file sharing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a>, <a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Direct_Connect_(protocol)" title="Direct Connect (protocol)">Direct Connect</a></li>

<li><a href="Soribada" title="Soribada">Soribada</a></li>

<li><a href="Soulseek" title="Soulseek">Soulseek</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decentralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="FastTrack" title="FastTrack">FastTrack</a></li>

<li><a href="Fopnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fopnu">Fopnu</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li>

<li><a href="GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li>

<li><a href="GiFT#OpenFT_protocol" title="GiFT">OpenFT</a></li>

<li><a href="OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li>

<li><a href="Perfect_Dark_(P2P)" title="Perfect Dark (P2P)">Perfect Dark</a></li>

<li><a href="Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li>

<li><a href="Share_(P2P)" title="Share (P2P)">Share</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li>

<li><a href="WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a></li>

<li><a href="Winny" title="Winny">Winny</a></li>

<li><a href="ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Audiogalaxy" title="Audiogalaxy">Audiogalaxy</a></li>

<li><a href="CuteMX" title="CuteMX">CuteMX</a></li>

<li><a href="Hotline_Communications" title="Hotline Communications">Hotline</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li>

<li><a href="LimeWire" title="LimeWire">LimeWire</a></li>

<li><a href="Morpheus_(file-sharing_software)" title="Morpheus (file-sharing software)">Morpheus</a></li>

<li><a href="Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a></li>

<li><a href="Scour_Inc." title="Scour Inc.">Scour</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li>

<li><a href="WASTE" title="WASTE">WASTE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons of <a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_ADC_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of ADC Software">Advanced Direct Connect</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">BitTorrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Direct_Connect_software" title="Comparison of Direct Connect software">Direct Connect</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_eDonkey_software" title="Comparison of eDonkey software">eDonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella#Gnutella_features" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li>

<li><a href="Gnutella2#Comparison" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li>

<li><a href="WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hyperlinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">Magnet</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalink" title="Metalink">Metalink</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li>

<li><a href="Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">Disk sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Game and video sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_download" title="Music download">Music sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedboxes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharing#In_computer_and_Internet_culture" title="Sharing">Sharing software</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Web hosting</a> (<a href="Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freesite</a>, <a href="InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">IPFS</a>, <a href="ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Privacy44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Privacy_in_file_sharing_networks" title="Privacy in file sharing networks">Privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li>

<li><a href="Darknet" title="Darknet">Darknet</a></li>

<li><a href="Darkweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkweb">Darkweb</a></li>

<li><a href="Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_P2P" class="mw-redirect" title="Private P2P">Private P2P</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">Distributed hash table</a></li>

<li><a href="Merkle_tree" title="Merkle tree">Merkle tree</a></li>

<li><a href="NAT_traversal" title="NAT traversal">NAT traversal</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_exchange" title="Peer exchange">Peer exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="BitTorrent_protocol_encryption" title="BitTorrent protocol encryption">BitTorrent protocol encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Super-seeding" title="Super-seeding">Super-seeding</a></li>

<li><a href="BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">BitTorrent tracker</a></li>

<li><a href="UDP_hole_punching" title="UDP hole punching">UDP hole punching</a></li>

<li><a href="Micro_Transport_Protocol" title="Micro Transport Protocol">Micro Transport Protocol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=BitTorrent&oldid=1301513488">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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